The Physical Chemistry Department at Fulmer Research Institute 1950 to 1980

A personal view

by Ron Lewin – Member of the Physical Chemistry department

Photograph of the Main house showing the south facing windows of the Physical Chemistry Department ; the flower borders are in bloom and the croquet hoops are on the lawn (Z015)

Prologue

The Title of this paper can have different interpretations. As someone who worked at Fulmer from leaving school until 30 years on it means the experimental work, the staff, the buildings, the history, the friendship.

This paper centres on the experimental work of the Physical Chemistry Department but is surrounded by other facets to bring the Research work to life I joined Fulmer in 1950 in the early days when there were very few staff. Mr Liddiard our Managing Director lived next door to my Headmaster in Stoke Poges. In passing Mr Humpheryes mentioned he had three boys leaving school who were keen on science.

This conversation changed the rest of my life. We visited the laboratory which was a in a grand house and grounds in Stoke Poges. We met Mr Nicholas who was a spectroscopist and he kindly showed us how he could find what was in a sample of metal by making it into a spark. He demonstrated this by placing a sample of Lithium metal in the spectroscope and turned on the spark. Suddenly the whole room filled with mauve light.

I was overawed but knew one thing – I wanted to be a scientist!

The first fifteen years I worked in Physical Chemistry research and the second half to work with young people to inspire them to have a career in science.

Thank you to all those many friends who helped me to have such a wonderful life.

Ronald Lewin – April 2020

 

Table of Contents

1. Prologue
2. Introduction
3. The Physical Chemistry Laboratories
4. The Fulmer departmental structure
5. The senior research staff in Physical Chemistry
6. Physical Chemistry staff list
7. Aluminium sub-halide distillation
8. Thermodynamic measurements – Aluminium halide systems
9. The transport of beryllium
10. Intermetallic compounds in the Uranium – Bismuth system
11. Thermochemical properties of metal compounds
12. Calorimetry
13. Emissivity of gases at high temperatures
14. The production of hardware for space
15. Tungsten deposition for rocket nozzle throats
16. Boron nitride vessels
17. Protecting gas turbine blade cooling passages against degradation
18. Gold coatings on plastics
19. Bibliography: Papers
20. Bibliography: Patents
21. Acknowledgements

Introduction

In 1945 Col W C Devereux^[1] incorporated Almin Ltd, a group of companies manufacturing products from aluminium and magnesium alloys. His aim was to extend the use of light alloys to construction and consumer applications, based on the knowledge and expertise gained in the aircraft industry during the war.

Colonel Devereux purchased Holly Hill House, a large house with extensive grounds at Stoke Poges, as a permanent home for Fulmer Research Institute.

Dr Philipp Gross^[2] moved from International Alloys Ltd (another Almin company) to become Fulmer’s Principal Scientist. He had had a distinguished career before the war as Professor of Physical Chemistry at Vienna University, but had been expelled from that post in 1938 on racial grounds and had taken refuge in England.

At International Alloys, Gross had recently patented a new route for producing aluminium from scrap or from ferro-aluminium so, at Fulmer, a Physical Chemistry Department in support of the Gross Process, was an important part of the plan.

In the event, Devereux sold the Gross process to the Canadian aluminium company Alcan who then sponsored Fulmer’s first research project.

The subject of this article is the establishment and development of Fulmer’s Physical Chemistry Department.

The Physical Chemistry Laboratories

It is true to say that a picture is better than a thousand words. This is certainly the case of the mansion which housed the Physical Chemistry Department from 1946.

Also in the mansion were housed other essential facilities including the Library , the Chemical Analysis Laboratory and General office. For this reason these and three other facilities and their proximity to the research staff are described below.

The architects and builders, believed to be Hartley’s of Wexham, should be congratulated on the conversion of a mansion to a research laboratory.

Except for aluminium framed glass doors and windows, little of the original brickwork and tessellated windows were altered.

The four interior research laboratories were cleared of their domestic use, the floors were given a bituminous covering and the surrounding walls used to bring gas, water and electricity to convenient positions.

The mansion faced due South and looked out to Windsor Castle about fifteen miles to the river Thames.

At the very far right behind the trees was the General Office. The aluminium façade of the Board Room, which was totally out of character but reflected that our major research work was borne out of the aluminium industry.

All the large bay windows, both up and down were the south facing windows of the Physical Chemistry laboratories.

The Fulmer departmental structure

Originally, seven departments were needed to meet the aims of Fulmer:

• • Physical metallurgy
  • Foundry, metal-working and ceramics
  • Physical chemistry, chemical thermodynamics and extraction metallurgy,
  • Physics, x-ray crystallography
  • Engineering and mechanical testing
  • Corrosion and electro deposition
  • Chemical and spectrographic analysis

The senior research staff in Physical Chemistry

As the Principal Scientist, Dr Gross oversaw all the work in the Physical Chemistry Department including the design and construction of a pilot plant for the catalytic distillation process and the thermodynamic studies required to support optimization of the reaction conditions. However, he always delegated experimental work to his staff. “I am a theoretician” he said. He marvelled at the innate practical skills of his physical chemistry team. He confessed his total lack of any practical ability and never learned to drive.

Other Senior staff in the Physical Chemistry Department included Leon Levi, Charles Campbell and Colin Hayman.

Physical Chemistry staff list

From left to right, Back row – Pat Cutler, George Wilson, Liz Langley, Ron Lewin, Michael Stewart.  Front row – Harold Smith, M Nicholas, Les Green, Pam Green.

Over the years other members included Nick Archer, Barry Bines, Jim Bingham, Roger Blachnic, Tony Bowry, Charles Campbell, Colin Hayman, Christine Chalk, John Christie, John Cullen, Geoff Curme, Dr Ehrlich, David Greene, Philipp Gross, Pam Green/Dear, Les Green, Domini Deegan, Ernest Dewing, Hans Joel, Peter Kent, Mike Lee, Leon Levi, Andy Linton, Stan Mroka, David Munro, John Perry, Dave Reynolds, Hillary Thornton and John Wardill.

Aluminium sub-halide distillation

The catalytic distillation process for producing Aluminium from an impure alloy or from scrap depended on the reaction

AlCl₃ + 2 Al ⇌ 3 AlCl

The recycling process passed sublimed AlCl₃ vapour at 200°C in a stream of an inert gas at one atmosphere over an impure alloy such as Al-Fe at 500°C when the reaction produced AlCl vapour. This vapour then flowed into a cooler area of the equipment where the reaction reversed. Aluminium metal condensed out and the AlCl₃ returned for further recycling.

Before the move to Holly Hill, laboratory experiments had shown that Dr Gross’s process was feasible. Now it was necessary to demonstrate its viability at pilot plant level. When the first new building was constructed at Fulmer, in addition to a foundry, a fully equipped workshop, and a heat treatment lab, a large area was provided for building the aluminium distillation pilot plant.

The pilot plant project was headed by Charles Campbell and Dr Ehrlich, a German chemical engineer, who had worked at the German rocket site at Peenemunde Army Research Centre during the second world war.

 

 

 

Thermodynamic measurements – Aluminium halide systems

In parallel with the work on the pilot plant, laboratory experiments were continued in the new laboratories in the main house to obtain thermodynamic data relating to the aluminium chloride sub-halide process. The research work was headed up by the physical chemist Leon Levi.

The equipment for thermodynamic studies was often designed to transport gases through equipment made from Pyrex glass, ceramic tubes and furnaces in order to measure temperatures and pressures for the reaction process.

 

 

 

 

 

 

The research staff needed to make their own equipment, do their own glass blowing and learn general workshop skills. We were fortunate to be trained in glass blowing by Peter Kent. The passing out test was to make a Liebig condenser.

The transport of beryllium

The American Air Force gave us a contract to measure the transport of beryllium in beryllium dichloride vapour at 10^-4 atmospheres and in the temperature range 1250 – 1500 K. The transport results from the reaction

Be(s) + BeCl₂ (g) ⇌ 2 BeCl (g)

agreed with those extrapolated by previous researchers. However the interpretation of the transport experiments, could not be reconciled with the spectroscopy equilibrium values.

Because of the toxicity of beryllium compounds, the beryllium experiments employing the effusion principle were carried out within a specially designed room. The experiments were difficult to construct and the main high temperature sections of the equipment were made from fused quartz.^[3]

Intermetallic compounds in the Uranium – Bismuth system

The Atomic Energy Research Establishment was investigating passing liquid bismuth containing uranium intermetallic compounds around heat exchanger systems. The U-Bi phase diagram is very complex and metallurgical evidence was controversial. With our knowledge of thermochemical measurements we were asked to investigate parts of the uranium-bismuth phase diagram at 742°C. An effusion cell was designed to contain a range of U-Bi alloys made in situ.^[4] An innovative method was used to measure heats and free energies of formation of the intermetallic compounds in the Uranium – Bismuth system. The results showed the existence of the intermetallic compound U₃Bi₅.

Thermochemical properties of metal compounds

The use of thermochemical equilibria for the appraisal of metallurgical processes such as aluminium metal production and refining was being increasingly recognised.

Dr Gross, when Professor of chemistry in Vienna, had known M H Rand who was now at AERE and O Kubaschewski who was now at NPL. They co-operated on some measurements through private communications and in the following book

The Thermochemical Properties of Uranium Compounds M. H. Rand and O. Kubaschewski – Publisher Oliver and Boyd

Calorimetry

By the early 50’s the American Space Programme had started in earnest and they were keen to use our expertise in thermochemistry. At this time Colin Hayman joined the physical chemistry staff.  He became interested in calorimetry and over many years headed a team of physical chemists who became very skilled in difficult measurements.

The heats of formation of about fifty inorganic compounds were accurately determined and published. A particular area of expertise was halogen bomb calorimetry. We believe that at that time Fulmer was the only laboratory worldwide measuring heats of formation by direct combustion in fluorine gas.

Another approach used was solution calorimetry including solution in hot hydrofluoric acid.

For more details on Fulmer’s calorimetry work see a separate article by David Davies and Barry Bines. (V856)

Emissivity of gases at high temperatures

At high temperatures radiation from gases plays an important part in heat transfer, and emissivity data are therefore important for the design of equipment. Measurements were made of total radiation from a flowing column of gas contained in a refractory tube which was open at both ends, the length of the gas column being defined by use of exactly balanced opposing streams of argon to form a “gas barrier” at each end of the tube.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

The emitted radiation was measured by a sensitive thermopile in conjunction with an optical system containing a concave mirror as the image-forming element, with a diaphragm placed close to its focal plane to exclude radiation from the furnace components surrounding the gas. Provision was made for measuring total radiation from the gas with black body backgrounds at various temperatures. The entire apparatus was mounted on a water-cooled optical bench. Emissivities of gases were measured at temperatures up to 1000°C.

The production of hardware for space

As the British, European and American space programmes developed there was a shift in contracts towards the production of hardware for use in space where the expertise of the physical chemistry staff was needed

Projects moved from thermochemical measurements of metal halides and calorimetry into making items where a knowledge of physical chemistry and the associated specialised techniques was required.

Projects included the manufacture of metal coatings and free standing artefacts from materials including tungsten and molybdenum. Other coating processes were developed for nickel, rhenium, gold and boron nitride.

Tungsten deposition for rocket nozzle throats

One particular use was the coating of the outlet nozzle of rockets where the throat was made of dense graphite and coated with a few millimetres of high quality tungsten. The particular feature of the chemistry was passing tungsten hexafluoride vapour at 20°C over a heated surface at 500°C in a stream of hydrogen at the stoichiometric ratio to build up a coating of tungsten.

WF₆ + 3H₂ → W + 6HF

Although the laboratory had considerable experience of metal halide chemistry this was the first time we had been asked to use our chemical knowledge to produce physical objects.

Hitherto the outcome of our projects had taken the form of reports and papers.

This change was rather a culture shock. Usually in negotiating a contract one question we put to the sponsor was “Where will we publish the results?” Their response was “We are not concerned about where you publish the results; we just want you to make the hardware and we will fix it to a test rocket!”

One innovative product was the manufacture of small tungsten vessels. 1cm stainless steel bars were coated with tungsten in a rotating furnace and when coated and cooled, the steel and tungsten separated and the tungsten layer cut into two halves to produce two perfect tungsten vessels.

Boron nitride vessels

The compound boron nitride (BN) is isoelectronic with carbon and forms a similar crystallographic structure. Cubic boron nitride is as hard as diamond while hexagonal boron nitride is soft with a layered structure similar to graphite.

Chemical vapour deposition of BN results in a turbo-stratic structure in which the grains are all orientated with their hexagonal layers parallel to the plane of deposition. This results in very anisotropic properties such as thermal conductivity when compared to powder fabrication techniques such as hot isostatic pressing. When making crucibles for melting semiconductor materials, CVD has the great advantage that the thermal conductivity is high around the vessel wall and low across the thickness of the wall.

Boron nitride is fabricated using CVD by passing a gaseous boron compound and a gaseous nitrogen compound into a chamber at reduced pressure of 5 mm Hg and heated to 1900 – 1950°C containing a graphite mould shaped according to the required finished article.

The following reaction takes place at the heated surface

BF₃ + NH₃ → BN + 3HF

Acknowledgements to Tony Bowry and Colin Hayman who developed this process.

Protecting gas turbine blade cooling passages against degradation

The development of coatings for the external and internal surfaces of turbine blades is a triumph of applied thermochemistry. It required the theoretical expertise and experience of Fulmer staff to the application of a very challenging problem. The coating process required immense throwing power since the internal cooling passages in a turbine blade were typically 2mm diameter and 150 mm long. What is very satisfying is to think that the original idea of Dr Gross over fifty years ago to produce aluminium using a sub halide is the basis of the deposition of aluminide coatings on jet-engine turbine blades.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Acknowledgement to Colin Hayman and Nick Archer

Gold coatings on plastics

To fulfil a defence requirement, an aqueous spray gold process was developed to form an adhered gold film onto FEP – fluorinated ethylene-propylene polymers as a means to render it electrically conductive.

The polymer surface had to be pre-treated by peening with glass beads to roughen the surface to provide a key for the gold to adhere and then it had to be chemically etched to render it hydrophilic so the gold spray could wet the entire surface. An effective etchant was sodium metal and naphthalene dissolved in acetone.

The gold solution was prepared by dissolving pure gold grain in aqua regia, (nitric acid and hydrochloric acid) and diluting to a working concentration. The reducing agent was similarly diluted to a working strength and the two solutions sprayed simultaneously onto the surface where they reacted to form a continuous gold film.^[5] It was subsequently shown that decorative finishes in gold could also be produced on other plastics using appropriate pre-treatments.

Acknowledgement to Michael Stuart who perfected this process

 

Notes

[1]  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallace_Charles_Devereux

[2]  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philipp_Gross

[3]  See paper G471 in the Bibliography

[4]  A novel method was used to make the reactants in finely divided form in situ; See paper G474 in the Bibliography

[5]  See paper G503 in the Bibliography

 

Bibliography: Papers

G437	Gross P, Hayman C, Stuart M C (1967), “Halogen Combustion Calorimetry of Refractory Compounds: The Heats of Formation of Boron Nitride and Boron Fluoride”, Proceedings of the British Ceramic Society, no 8, June 1967, pp 39-50
G438	Gross P, Hayman C, Levi D L (1955) Heats of Formation of Metallic Halides: Titanium Tetrachloride, Trans Faraday Soc vol 51 p 626-629
G440	P. Gross, C.Hayman, HEATS OF FORMATION OF LIGHT ELEMENT COMPOUNDS,1 SEPTEMBER 1960 – 31st DECEMBER 1969, R.163/38/March 1970. Fulmer Research Institute Ltd.,Stoke Poges, Buckinghamshire, England
G441	The heat of formation and transition temperature of solid lithium hexafluoroaluminate, P.D.Greene, P.Gross.and C.Hayman, Trans.Faraday Soc., 64, 633, (1968).
G442	The heat of formation of aluminium chloride, P Gross and C Hayman, Trans.Faraday Soc., 66, 565, (1970).
G443	Gross P, Hayman C, Levi D L (1954) , The Heats of Formation of Metal Halides: Aluminium fluoride, Trans Faraday Soc, No 377, vol 50, p 477-480
G444	Gross P, Hayman C, Joel H A (1968) ,The heat of formation of the fluoborates of lithium, sodium And potassium, Trans Faraday Soc vol 64 p 317-322
G445	Greene P G, Gross P, Hayman C (1968) The heat of formation and transition temperature of Solid lithium hexafluoroaluminate, , Trans.Faraday Soc., 64, 633
G446	Gross P, Hayman C (1970) ,The heat of formation of aluminium chloride, Trans Faraday Soc vol 66 p565
G447	Blachnik R O G, Gross P, Hayman C (1970) ,Enthalpies of formation of the carbides of aluminium and beryllium, Trans Faraday Soc 1970, 66, pp1058-1064
G448	P. Gross, C.Hayman, R H Lewin, G C Curme (1969) HEATS OF FORMATION OF LIGHT ELEMENT COMPOUNDS, 1 January 1960 – 31 March 1969 R.163/34/April 1969. Fulmer Research Institute Ltd.,Stoke Poges, Buckinghamshire, England
G449	Gross P, Hayman C et al (1959) XVIIth International Congress of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Munich, Inorganic Chemistry, A405, 90
G450	P. Gross, C. Hayman and D. L. Levi (1957) ,The heats of formation of metal halides. Zirconium tetrachloride, Trans. Faraday Soc., 1957,53, 1285-1288
G451	P. Gross, C. Hayman, D. L. Levi and G. L. Wilson (1960) , The heats of formation of metal halides. Niobium and tantalum pentachlorides , Trans Faraday Soc vol 56 p318-321
G452	Gross P, Hayman C (1964) Heats of formation of metal halides. Tetrachlorides of vanadium and hafnium , Trans Faraday Soc vol 60 p45-9
G453	Gross P, Hayman C, Greene P D, Bingham J T (1966) ,Heats of formation of α′-beryllium chloride and α- and β-beryllium nitride, Trans Faraday Soc vol 62 p2719-2724
G454	Gross P, Hayman C,Levi D L (1957) ,The heats of formation of metal halides. Titanium tetrabromide, with revised data on titanium tetrachloride, Trans Faraday Soc vol 53 p1601-5
G455	P. Gross, C. Hayman, D. L. Levi and G. L. Wilson (1962)Heats of formation of metal halides: pentabromides of niobium and tantalum , Trans Faraday Soc vol 58 p890-894
G456	Gross P, Hayman C, Bingham J T (1966) ,Heats of formation of germanium tetrafluoride and of the germanium dioxides, Trans Faraday Soc vol 62 p2388-2394
G457	Gross P, Hayman C, Levi D L (1953) ,Trans Faraday Soc vol 50 p477
G458	Restall, J E (1984), DEVELOPMENT OF COATINGS FOR THE PROTECTION OF GAS TURBINE BLADES AGAINST HIGH TEMPERATURE OXIDATION AND CORROSION, Royal Aircraft Establishment Pyestock, Farnborough, Hants
G460	Hayman C (1967) . Proceedings of Thermodynamic-Symposium, K. Schafer (Ed) paper I-7, Heidelberg, 1967
G464	Gross P, Campbell C S, Kent P J C, Levi D L,l (1948) On some equilibria involving aluminium monohalides, Discussions of the Faraday Society, Vol 4, pp206-215
G465	Gross P, Warrington Mrs M (1948), The reduction of zinc sulphide by iron under reduced pressure, Discussions of the Faraday Society, Vol 4, pp215-217
G466	GROSS. P. ,Sub-Halide Distillation of Aluminium, Presented to the Aluminium Congress, June 1954.
G469	P. Gross and G. L. Wilson (1970) Composition and heat of combination of a double oxide of iron and sodium, J. Chem. Soc. A, 1970, 1913-1916
G470	Gross P, Hayman C and Stuart M C (1969) Heat of formation of boron phosphide , Trans. Faraday Soc., 65, 2628-2632
G471	P. Gross and R. H. Lewin (1973), Transport of beryllium in beryllium dichloride vapour, Faraday Symp. Chem. Soc., 1973,8, 158-164
G472	P. Gross, C. Hayman and S. Mwroka (1969), Heat of formation of silicon tetrachloride , Trans. Faraday Soc., 1969,65, 2856-2859
G473	P. Gross and C. Hayman (1970), Enthalpy of formation of aluminium chloride, Trans. Faraday Soc., 1970,66, 30-32
G474	Gross, P; Levi, D L; Lewin, R H (1959), “Activities in Uranium-Bismuth Alloys and the Free Energies of Uranium-Bismuth Compounds”, The Physical Chemistry of Metallic Solutions and Intermetallic Compounds, 2, HMSO, London
G502	Gross P and Stuart M C (1971) On the Equilibrium Pressure of Cuprous Chloride in the Segregation Reaction, Metallurgical Chemistry – Proceedings of a symposium held at Brunel University and at the National Physical Laboratory, London HMSO 1972, SBN 11
G503	Stuart M C (1979) The Development of a Gold-Based Activator for AutoCatalytic Plating, Gold Bulletin, Volume 12, issue 2,pp 58-61

 

Bibliography: Patents

P6025	US2470306 (A)	17/05/1949	Process for the production and refining of metals	Philipp Gross
P6026	US2470305 (A)	17/05/1949	Process for the production and refining of aluminium	Philipp Gross
P6027	FI23930 (A)	10/09/1949	Destillationsförfarande för framställning eller raffinering av metaller	Philipp Gross
P6028	CA462076 (A)	27/12/1949	PRODUCING OR REFINING METALS	Gross Philipp
P6029	CA462075 (A)	27/12/1949	PRODUCTION OR REFINING OF ALUMINIUM	Gross Philipp
P6030	DE816615 (C)	11/10/1951	Futterzerkleinerungsmaschine	Gross Philipp
P6031	DE816774 (C)	11/10/1951	Schneidwerk fuer Haeckselmaschinen	Gross Philipp
P6032	DE816924 (C)	15/10/1951	Maschine zum Zerkleinern von Viehfutter	Gross Philipp
P6033	DE828191 (C)	17/01/1952	Schrotmuehle mit abgefederter Laeuferwelle	Gross Philipp
P6049	DE830113C	31/01/1952	A process for the production and purification of aluminium	Dr Philip Gross
P1002	GB666869 (A)	20/02/1952	Improvements relating to the distillation of metals	Dr Philip Gross
P6048	DE829801C	06/03/1952	A method for distilling metals	Dr Philip Gross
P6034	DE831606 (C)	15/04/1952	Verfahren zur Herstellung oder Reinigung von Metallen	Gross Dr Philipp
P6035	US2607675 (A)	19/08/1952	Distillation of metals	Philipp Gross
P6036	DE850532 (C)	25/09/1952	Trommel zur Feinzerkleinerung von Rueben u. dgl.	Gross Philipp
P6037	DE851143 (C)	02/10/1952	Maschine zum Zerkleinern von Rueben und anderem Viehfutter	Gross Philipp
P6038	DE851142 (C)	02/10/1952	Futterzerkleinerungsmaschine	Gross Philipp
P6039	DE861226 (C)	29/12/1952	Pneumatische Foerderanlage, insbesondere zum Foerdern von nassem Gut	Gross Philipp Kleiber Kurt
P6040	DE861225 (C)	29/12/1952	Pneumatische Foerderanlage mit Zerkleinerungsmaschine, insbesondere zum Foerdern von nassem Gut	Gross Philipp Kleiber Kurt
P1011	GB719058 (A)	24/11/1954	Improvements in the production of aluminium from aluminium alloys
P1012	GB719551 (A)	01/12/1954	Production and purification of titanium
P1013	GB723880 (A)	16/02/1955	Production and purification of titanium
P1014	GB723879 (A)	16/02/1955	Production and purification of titanium
P5002	US2718464 (A)	20/09/1955	Production and purification of titanium	Philipp Gross Levi David Leon
P5004	CA527758 (A)	17/07/1956	DISTILLATION OF METALS	Gross Philipp
P1018	US2760857 (A)	28/08/1956	Production and purification of titanium	Philipp Gross David Leon Levi
P1019	US2764480 (A)	25/09/1956	Production and purification of titanium	Philipp Gross David Leon Levi
P1099	DE950092 (C)	04/10/1956	Production and purification of titanium	Philipp Gross David Leon Levi
P1100	DE950758 (C)	18/10/1956	Production and purification of titanium	Philipp Gross David Leon Levi
P1022	US2785973 (A)	19/03/1957	Production and purification of titanium	Philipp Gross David Leon Levi
P1023	CA542182 (A)	11/06/1957	Production and purification of titanium	Philipp Gross David Leon Levi
P1024	CA542181 (A)	11/06/1957	Production and purification of titanium	Philipp Gross David Leon Levi
P6041	DE1747626 (U)	27/06/1957	ZAPFWELLENANTRIEBSVORRICHTUNG FUER GESPANNBINDEMAEHER.	Gross Philipp
P6042	DE1747635 (U)	27/06/1957	VIEHTRAENKE MIT DURCH DAS VIEH SELBSTBETAETIGTER PUMPE.	Gross Philipp
P1027	CA549299 (A)	26/11/1957	Production and purification of titanium	Gross Philipp Levi David L
P1028	CA549298 (A)	26/11/1957	Production and purification of titanium	Gross Philipp Levi David L
P6043	DE1791252 (U)	02/07/1959	ERDUNGSSTAB FUER ELEKTRISCHE WEIDEZAEUNE.	Gross Philipp
P6044	DE1810563 (U)	28/04/1960	SELBSTTRAENKENDE WEIDEPUMPE	Gross Philipp
P1031	GB912829 (A)	12/12/1962	Improvements relating to the bonding together of plastics materials	Kent Peter John Charles Lewin Ronald Harvey
P1101	DE976700 (C)	05/03/1964	Verfahren zur Gewinnung von Aluminium	Gross Philipp Dewing Ernest William
	IT950934 (B)	20/06/1973	FORMAZIONE DI CARBURI DI TUNGSTENO E DI MOLIBDENO	Lewin R H Cecil Hayman
P1054	DE2323652 (A1)	29/11/1973	Chemical deposition of titanium compound(s) – with carbon and/or nitrogen onto metallic or non-metallic substrates	Hayman Cecil
P1069	SE405592 (B) SE7500227 (L)	18/12/1978	Wolfram- und Molybdaencarbide	Lewin R H Hayman C
P6045	US4156042 A	22/05/1979	Coating articles having fine bores or narrow cavities in a pack-cementation process	Cecil Hayman James E. Restall
P6046	GB1549845A	08/08/1979	Diffusion coating of metal or other articles	Cecil Hayman James E. Restall

 

Acknowledgements

Thanks are due to David Davies for compiling the Bibliography and to Brian Tranter for producing the formatted article.

Apr 2020

FRHG ref: V866